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Antikythera mechanism

WIKIPEDIA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism

The Antikythera mechanism (pron.: /ˌæntɨkɨˈθɪərə/ ANT-i-ki-THEER-ə or /ˌæntɨˈkɪθərə/ ANT-i-KITH-ə-rə) is an ancient analog computer[1][2] designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera wreck,[3] but its significance and complexity were not understood until a century later. Jacques Cousteau visited the wreck in 1978[4] but, although he found new dating evidence, he did not find any additional remains of the Antikythera mechanism. The construction has been dated to the early 1st century BC. Technological artifacts approaching its complexity and workmanship did not appear again until the 14th century AD, when mechanical astronomical clocks began to be built in Western Europe.[5]

The Antikythera mechanism is displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied by a reconstruction made and donated to the museum by Derek de Solla Price

All of the mechanism's instructions are written in Koine Greek,[7][not in citation given] and the consensus among scholars is that the mechanism was made in the Greek-speaking world. One hypothesis is that the device was constructed at an academy founded by the Stoic philosopher Posidonius on the Greek island of Rhodes, which at the time was known as a center of astronomy and mechanical engineering; this hypothesis further suggests that the mechanism may have been designed by the astronomer Hipparchus, since it contains a lunar mechanism which uses Hipparchus's theory for the motion of the Moon. However, recent findings of The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project suggest that the concept for the mechanism originated in the colonies of Corinth, which might imply a connection with Archimedes.

See also:         http://www.giovannipastore.it/ISTRUZIONI.htm          

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zEOeflnPKY


 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=cjtgQ2-kW4c

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpLcnAIpVRA


SEE:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1CuR29OajI

Paradigm=بارادايم

“παράδειγμα”=Paradigm=بارادايم

WIKIPEDIA

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the basic meaning of the term paradigm as "a pattern or model, an exemplar". The historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave it its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers,[1] i.e.,

Etymology

Paradigm comes from Greek "παράδειγμα" (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample"[21] from the verb "παραδείκνυμι" (paradeiknumi), "exhibit, represent, expose"[22] and that from "παρά" (para), "beside, beyond"[23] + "δείκνυμι" (deiknumi), "to show, to point out".[24]
The original Greek term παράδειγμα (paradeigma) was used in Greek texts such as Plato's Timaeus (28A) as the model or the pattern that the Demiurge (god) used to create the cosmos. The term had a technical meaning in the field of grammar: the 1900 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines its technical use only in the context of grammar or, in rhetoric, as a term for an illustrative parable or fable. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used paradigm to refer to a class of elements with similarities.

In Islamic Astronomy History

1025-1450

“”””An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.
The period when a distinctive Islamic system of astronomy flourished. The period began as the Muslim astronomers began questioning the framework of the Ptolemaic system of astronomy. These criticisms, however, remained within the geocentric framework and followed Ptolemy's astronomical paradigm; one historian described their work as "a reformist project intended to consolidate Ptolemaic astronomy by bringing it into line with its own principles."[18]””””

Orion=أوريون

Orion=أوريون

WIKIPEDIA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_%28constellation%29

Orion, sometimes subtitled The Hunter, is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous, and most recognizable constellations in the night sky.[1] Its name refers to Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are Beta (Rigel) and Alpha (Betelgeuse), a blue-white and red supergiant respectively. Many other of the brightest stars in the constellation are hot blue supergiant stars.

The Babylonian star catalogues of the Late Bronze Age name Orion ^MULSIPA.ZI.AN.NA,[note 1] "The Heavenly Shepherd" or "True Shepherd of Anu" - Anu being the chief god of the heavenly realms.

The Bible mentions Orion three times, naming it "Kesil" (כסיל, literally – fool)

Orion's current name derives from Greek mythology, in which Orion was a gigantic hunter of primordial times.[25] Some of these myths relate to the constellation; one story tells that Orion was killed by a giant scorpion; the gods raised him and the Scorpion to the skies, as Scorpio/Scorpius. Yet other stories say Orion was chasing the Pleiades.[26]

The constellation is mentioned in Horace's Odes (Ode 3.27.18), Homer's Odyssey (Book 5, line 283) and Iliad, and Virgil's Aeneid (Book 1, line 535)

In ancient Egypt, the constellation of Orion was known to represent Osiris, who, after being killed by his evil brother Set, was revived by his wife Isis to live immortal among the stars.[27]

In medieval Muslim astronomy, Orion was known as al-jabbar "the giant" الجبار