Paradigm=بارادايم

“παράδειγμα”=Paradigm=بارادايم

WIKIPEDIA

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the basic meaning of the term paradigm as "a pattern or model, an exemplar". The historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave it its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers,[1] i.e.,

Etymology

Paradigm comes from Greek "παράδειγμα" (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample"[21] from the verb "παραδείκνυμι" (paradeiknumi), "exhibit, represent, expose"[22] and that from "παρά" (para), "beside, beyond"[23] + "δείκνυμι" (deiknumi), "to show, to point out".[24]
The original Greek term παράδειγμα (paradeigma) was used in Greek texts such as Plato's Timaeus (28A) as the model or the pattern that the Demiurge (god) used to create the cosmos. The term had a technical meaning in the field of grammar: the 1900 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines its technical use only in the context of grammar or, in rhetoric, as a term for an illustrative parable or fable. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used paradigm to refer to a class of elements with similarities.

In Islamic Astronomy History

1025-1450

“”””An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.
The period when a distinctive Islamic system of astronomy flourished. The period began as the Muslim astronomers began questioning the framework of the Ptolemaic system of astronomy. These criticisms, however, remained within the geocentric framework and followed Ptolemy's astronomical paradigm; one historian described their work as "a reformist project intended to consolidate Ptolemaic astronomy by bringing it into line with its own principles."[18]””””