Wednesday 2 January 2013

Hellenistic =الهلنستية

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Hellenistic =الهلنستية

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

Hellenistic (adj.)
1706, "of or pertaining to Greece and its culture," from Hellen (see Hellenic) + -istic. Since late 19c., specifically of Greek culture in the few centuries after Alexander.
Hellenic (adj.)
"pertaining to Greece," 1640s, from Gk. Hellenikos, from Hellen "a Greek," of unknown origin. Earliest surviving use is by Homer in reference to a Thessalian tribe.

 
-istic
adjectival suffix, from Latin -isticus (often via French -istique), from Greek -istikos, which is adjective suffix -ikos (see -ic) added to noun suffix -istes (see -ist).
WIKIPEDIA

The Hellenistic period is the period of ancient Greek history between the death of Macedonian king Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of ancient Rome. During this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its zenith in Europe and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the decorative and visual arts, exploration, literature, sculpture, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration,[1] compared to the brilliance of the Greek Classical era.

The word Hellenistic is a modern word and a 19th century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. In the mid-19th Century, J. G. Droysen coined the term Hellenistic to define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, while in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority amongst the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.


heliotrope=هليوتروب


heliotrope=هليوتروب

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

heliotrope (n.)
"plant which turns its flowers and leaves to the sun," 1620s, from Fr. héliotrope (14c.) and directly from L. heliotropium, from Gk. heliotropion, from helios "sun" (see sol) + tropos "turn" (see trope). The word was applied c.1000-1600 in Latin form to sunflowers and marigolds. Related: Heliotropic.

heliograph=الهليوغراف تلسكوب لتصوير الشمس


heliograph=الهليوغراف تلسكوب لتصوير الشمس

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

heliograph (n.)
product of a certain type of engraving process, 1853, from helio- + graph. Earlier, "a description of the sun" (1706, implied in heliographic). Heliography (1845 in the engraving sense) also (1840) was an early term for what came to be called photography.
helio-
word-forming element meaning "sun," from Gk. helio-, comb. form of helios "sun" (see sol).
graph (n.)
1878, shortening of graphic formula (see graphic). The verb meaning "charted on a graph" is from 1889. Related: Graphed; graphing.
graphic (adj.)
"vivid," 1570s (implied in graphically), from L. graphicus "picturesque," from Gk. graphikos "of or for writing, belonging to drawing, picturesque," from graphe "writing, drawing," from graphein "to write" (see -graphy). Meaning "of or pertaining to drawing" is from 1756. Related: Graphically. Graphic design is attested by 1956. Graphic equalizer is from 1969.


hegemony/hegemon=الهيمنة

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hegemony/hegemon=الهيمنة
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ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

hegemon (n.)
1904, originally with reference to the United States, from Gk. hegemon "leader" (see hegemony).

hegemony (n.)
1560s, from Gk. hegemonia "leadership, a leading the way, a going first;" also "the authority or sovereignty of one city-state over a number of others," as Athens in Attica, Thebes in Boeotia; from hegemon "leader," from hegeisthai "to lead," perhaps originally "to track down," from PIE *sag-eyo-, from root *sag- "to seek out, track down, trace" (see seek). Originally of predominance of one city state or another in Greek history; in reference to modern situations from 1860, at first of Prussia in relation to other German states.

hector=هيكتور

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hector=هيكتور

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

hector (n.)
late 14c., "a valiant warrior," 1650s as slang for "a blustering, turbulent, pervicacious, noisy fellow" [Johnson], Heck for short, both in reference to the provocative character of Hektor, Trojan hero, oldest son of Priam and Hecuba, in the "Iliad." It represents Gk. hektor, lit. "holder, stayer;" an agent noun from ekhein "to have, hold, possess" (see scheme). The word was used mid-1600s in reference to London street gangs. As a proper name it is rare in England but used in Scotland to render Gaelic Eachdonn.

1650s, from Hector (n.), in reference to his encouragement of his fellow Trojans to keep up the fight. Related: Hectored; hectoring.


WIKIPEDIA


In Greek mythology, Hectōr (Ἕκτωρ), or Hektōr, was a Trojan prince and the greatest fighter for Troy in the Trojan War. As the first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, a descendant of Dardanus, who lived under Mount Ida, and of Tros, the founder of Troy,[1] he was a prince of the royal house and the heir apparent to his father's throne. He was married to Andromache, with whom he had an infant son, Scamandrius (whom the people of Troy called Astyanax).

Hecate=هيكات

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Hecate=هيكات

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

Hecate
early 15c., Greek deity, daughter of Perseus and Asteria (said to be originally Thracian), later identified as an aspect of Artemis, fem. of hekatos "far-shooting." Associated since Shakespeare ("I Henry VI," III.ii.64) with witches and sorcery.
WIKIPEDIA

Hecate is the transcription from the Latin, whereas Hekate is the transcription from the Greek. Both refer to the same goddess.
Notable proposed etymologies for the name Hecate are:
  • From the Greek word for 'will'.[10]
  • From Greek Ἑκάτη [Hekátē], feminine equivalent of Ἑκατός Hekatos, obscure epithet of Apollo.[11] This has been translated as "she that operates from afar", "she that removes or drives off",[12] "the far reaching one" or "the far-darter".[13]
  • From the Egyptian goddess of childbirth, Heqet.[14] has been suggested, but evidence for this is lacking.

harmonica=هارمونيكا


harmonica=هارمونيكا

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

harmonica (n.)
1762, coined by Ben Franklin as the name for a glass harmonica, from L. fem. of harmonicus (see harmonic); modern sense of "mouth organ" is 1873, American English, earlier harmonicon (1825).
harmonic (adj.)
1560s, "relating to music;" earlier (c.1500) armonical "tuneful, harmonious," from L. harmonicus, from Gk. harmonikos "harmonic, musical, skilled in music," from harmonia (see harmony). Meaning "relating to harmony" is from 1660s. The noun, short for harmionic tone, is recorded from 1777.
harmony (n.)
late 14c., from O.Fr. armonie "harmony," also the name of a musical instrument (12c.), from L. harmonia, from Gk. harmonia "agreement, concord of sounds," also as a proper name, the personification of music, lit. "means of joining," used of ship-planks, etc., also "settled government, order," related to harmos "fastenings of a door; shoulder," from PIE *ar-ti-, from *ar- "to fit together" (see arm (n.1)). Musical sense is oldest in English; that of "agreement of feeling, concord" is from late 14c.



Organist=أرغنيست



Organist=أرغنيست

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

organist (n.)
1590s, from organ + -ist, or from or influenced by M.Fr. organiste, from M.L. organista "one who plays an organ," from L. organum (see organ).
organ (n.)
fusion of late O.E. organe, and O.Fr. orgene (12c.), both meaning "musical instrument," both from L. organa, plural of organum "a musical instrument," from Gk. organon "implement, tool for making or doing; musical instrument; organ of sense, organ of the body," lit. "that with which one works," from PIE *werg-ano-, from root *werg- "to do," related to Gk. ergon "work" and O.E. weorc (see urge (v.)).

Applied vaguely in late Old English to musical instruments; sense narrowed by late 14c. to the musical instrument now known by that name (involving pipes supplied with wind by a bellows and worked by means of keys), though Augustine (c.400) knew this as a specific sense of L. organa. The meaning "body part adapted to a certain function" is attested from late 14c., from a Medieval Latin sense of L. organum. Organist is first recorded 1590s; organ-grinder is attested from 1806.


Organ=الأرغن


Organ=الأرغن

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

organ (n.)
fusion of late O.E. organe, and O.Fr. orgene (12c.), both meaning "musical instrument," both from L. organa, plural of organum "a musical instrument," from Gk. organon "implement, tool for making or doing; musical instrument; organ of sense, organ of the body," lit. "that with which one works," from PIE *werg-ano-, from root *werg- "to do," related to Gk. ergon "work" and O.E. weorc (see urge (v.)).

Applied vaguely in late Old English to musical instruments; sense narrowed by late 14c. to the musical instrument now known by that name (involving pipes supplied with wind by a bellows and worked by means of keys), though Augustine (c.400) knew this as a specific sense of L. organa. The meaning "body part adapted to a certain function" is attested from late 14c., from a Medieval Latin sense of L. organum. Organist is first recorded 1590s; organ-grinder is attested from 1806.



harmonium=الهارمونيوم


harmonium=الهارمونيوم

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

harmonium (n.)
keyboard instrument, 1847, from Fr. harmonium, from Gk. harmonia (see harmony). Invented c.1840.
harmony (n.)
late 14c., from O.Fr. armonie "harmony," also the name of a musical instrument (12c.), from L. harmonia, from Gk. harmonia "agreement, concord of sounds," also as a proper name, the personification of music, lit. "means of joining," used of ship-planks, etc., also "settled government, order," related to harmos "fastenings of a door; shoulder," from PIE *ar-ti-, from *ar- "to fit together" (see arm (n.1)). Musical sense is oldest in English; that of "agreement of feeling, concord" is from late 14c.

Halcyon=القاوند


αλκυών/αλκυονίδες
Halcyon=القاوند

ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICTIONARY

halcyon (adj.)
1540s, in halcyon dayes (Latin alcyonei dies, Greek alkyonides hemerai), 14 days of calm weather at the winter solstice, when a mythical bird (identified with the kingfisher) was said to breed in a nest floating on calm seas. From halcyon (n.), late 14c., from Latin halcyon, from Greek halkyon, variant (perhaps a misspelling) of alkyon "kingfisher," from hals "sea, salt" (see halo-) + kyon "conceiving," prp. of kyein "to conceive," lit. "to swell," from PIE root *keue- "to swell." Identified in mythology with Halcyone, daughter of Aeolus, who when widowed threw herself into the sea and became a kingfisher.