Γαληνός=Galen=جالينوس
WIKIPEDIA
Aelius
Galenus
or Claudius
Galenus
(AD 129– 200/ 216), better known as Galen
of Pergamon
(modern-day Bergama,
Turkey), was a
prominent Roman
(of Greek
ethnicity) physician,
surgeon and
philosopher.[1][2][3]
Arguably the most accomplished of all medical
researchers of antiquity,
Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific
disciplines, including anatomy,[4]
physiology,
pathology,[5]
pharmacology,[6]
and neurology,
as well as philosophy[7]
and logic.
Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of humorism, as advanced by many ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for nearly two millennia. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys, especially the Barbary Macaque, and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius[8][9] where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations.[10] Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system endured until 1628, when William Harvey published his treatise entitled De motu cordis, in which he established that blood circulates, with the heart acting as a pump.[11][12] Medical students continued to study Galen's writings until well into the 19th century. Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the brain controls all the motions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems.[13]
Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of humorism, as advanced by many ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for nearly two millennia. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys, especially the Barbary Macaque, and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius[8][9] where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations.[10] Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system endured until 1628, when William Harvey published his treatise entitled De motu cordis, in which he established that blood circulates, with the heart acting as a pump.[11][12] Medical students continued to study Galen's writings until well into the 19th century. Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the brain controls all the motions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems.[13]
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
In the history
of medicine, Islamic medicine, Arabic medicine,
Greco-Arabic and Greco-Islamic refer to medicine
developed in the Islamic
Golden Age, and written in Arabic,
the lingua
franca of Islamic civilization. The emergence of Islamic
medicine came about through the interactions of the indigenous Arab
tradition with foreign influences.[1]
Translation of earlier texts was a fundamental building block in the
formation of Islamic medicine and the tradition that has been passed
down.[1]
Medicine was a central part of
medieval Islamic culture. Responding to circumstances of time and
place, Islamic physicians and scholars developed a large and complex
medical literature exploring, analyzing, and synthesizing the theory
and practice of medicine.[6]
Islamic medicine was initially built on tradition, chiefly the
theoretical and practical knowledge developed in Arabia
and was known at Muhammad's
time, ancient Hellenistic
medicine such as Unani,
ancient
Indian medicine such as Ayurveda,
and the ancient
Iranian Medicine of the Academy
of Gundishapur. The works of ancient
Greek and Roman
physicians Hippocrates,[7]
Galen and
Dioscorides[7]
also had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine.[8]
Ophthalmology has been described as the most successful branch of
medicine researched at the time, with the works of Ibn Al-Haitham
remaining an authority in the field until early modern times.[9]
